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Electrical
Minggu, 13 Agustus 2017
Sabtu, 12 Agustus 2017
Minggu, 05 Februari 2017
tenses
16
Tenses with Active n Passive Pattern
A. Present
1. Simple Present Tense
Active : S + V1 + O
-
Agus creates a robot
Passive :
O + tobe + V3
-
A robot is created by Agus
2. Present Perfect Tense
Active :
S + Have/Has + V3 + O
-
Sigit has repaired a fan
Passive :
O + Have/Has + been + V3
-
A fan has been repaired by Sigit
3. Present Continous Tense
Active : S + tobe + V-ing + O
-
Mustofa
is connecting wires
Passive : O + tobe + being + V3
-
Wires
are being connected by Mustofa
4. Present Perfect Continous Tense
Active : S + Have/Has + been + V-ing + O
-
Agung
has been designing a circuit
Passive : O + Have/Has + been + being + V3
-
A
circuit has been being desingned by Agung
B. Past
1. Simple Past Tense
Active :
S + V2 + O
-
Yoga controlled the machine
Passive :
O + tobe + V3
-
The machine was controlled by Yoga
2. Past Perfect Tense
Active :
S + Had + V3 + O
-
Haikal had cut a wire
Passive :
O + Had + been + V3
-
A wire had been cut by Haikal
3. Past Continuous Tense
Active : S + tobe (was/were) + V-ing + O
-
Roni was drawing a PCB
Passive : O + tobe (was/were) + being + V3
-
A PCB was being drawn by Roni
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Active : S + Had + been + V-ing + O
-
Rizky had been assembling a computer
Passive : O + Had + been + being + V3
-
A computer had been being assembled by
Rizky
C. Future
1. Present Future Tense
Active : S + will + V1 + O
-
Ridwan
will make a robot
Passive : O + Will + be + V3
-
A
robot will be made by Ridwan
2. Present Future Perfect Tense
Active :
S + Will + Have + V3 + O
-
Japan Will Have made humanoid
Passive :
O + Will + Have + been + V3
-
Humanoid will have been made by Japan
3. Present Future Continous Tense
Active :
S + Will + Have + been + V-ing
-
Andre will have been changing the lamp
Passive :
O + Will + Have + been + being + V3
-
The Lamp will have been being changed by Andre
4. Present Future Perfect Continous
Tense
Active : S + Will + Have + been + V-ing + O
-
Arya
will have been programed Mikrocontroller
Passive : O + Will + Have + been + being + V3
-
Mikrocontroller
will have been programed by Arya
D. Past Future
1. Past Future Perfect Tense
Active : S + Would + Have + V3 + O
-
Aji would have serviced a monitor
Passive : O + Would + Have + been + V3
-
A monitor have been serviced by Aji
2. Past Future Continuous Tense
Active : S + Would + be + V-ing
-
Jono would be programing notebook
Passive : O + Would + be + being + V3
-
Notebook
would be being programed by Jono
3. Past Future Tense
Active :
S + Would + V1 + O
-
Joko would maintain the panel
Passive :
O + Would + be + V3
-
The panel would be maintaned by Joko
4. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Active : S + Would + Have + been + V-ing + O
-
Soni would have been assembling PLC
Passive : O + Would + Have + been + being + V3
-
PLC would have been being assembled by
Soni
CONTROL ENGINEERING
CONTROL
ENGINEERING
Control engineering or control
systems engineering is the engineering discipline that
applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors. The
practice uses sensors to measure the output performance of the device
being controlled and those measurements can be used to
give feedback to the input actuators that can make
corrections toward desired performance. When a device is designed to perform
without the need of human inputs for correction it is called automatic
control (such as cruise control for regulating the speed of a
car). Multi disciplinary in nature, control systems engineering
activities focus on implementation of control systems mainly derived
by mathematical modeling of systems of a diverse range.
Modern day control engineering is a relatively new
field of study that gained significant attention during the 20th century with
the advancement of technology. It can be broadly defined or classified as
practical application of control theory. Control engineering has an
essential role in a wide range of control systems, from simple household
washing machines to high-performance F-16 fighter aircraft. It seeks
to understand physical systems, using mathematical modeling, in terms of
inputs, outputs and various components with different behaviors, use control
systems design tools to develop controllers for those systems and
implement controllers in physical systems employing available technology.
A system can be mechanical, electrical, fluid, chemical,
financial and even biological, and the mathematical modeling, analysis and
controller design uses control teory in one or many of
the time, frequency and compex-s domains, depending on
the nature of the design problem.
History
Automatic control systems were first developed over
two thousand years ago. The first feedback control device on record is thought
to be the ancient ktesibios's water clock in Alexandria,
Egypt around the third century B.C. It kept time by regulating the water level
in a vessel and, therefore, the water flow from that vessel. This certainly was
a successful device as water clocks of similar design were still being made in
Baghdad when the Mongols captured the city in 1258 A.D. A variety of
automatic devices have been used over the centuries to accomplish useful tasks
or simply to just entertain. The latter includes the automata, popular in
Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, featuring dancing figures that would
repeat the same task over and over again; these automata are examples of
open-loop control. Milestones among feedback, or "closed-loop"
automatic control devices, include the temperature regulator of a furnace
attributed to Drebbel, circa 1620, and the centrifugal flyball governor used
for regulating the speed of steam engines by James Watt in 1788.
In his 1868 paper "On
Governors", James Clerk Maxwell was able to explain
instabilities exhibited by the flyball governor using differential equations to
describe the control system. This demonstrated the importance and usefulness of
mathematical models and methods in understanding complex phenomena, and
signaled the beginning of mathematical control and systems theory. Elements of
control theory had appeared earlier but not as dramatically and convincingly as
in Maxwell's analysis.
Control theory made significant strides over the
next century. New mathematical techniques as well as advancements in electronic
and computer technologies made it possible to control significantly more
complex dynamical systems than the original flyball governor could stabilize.
New mathematical techniques included developments in optimal control in the
1950s and 1960s followed by progress in stochastic, robust, adaptive,
nonlinear, and azid-based control methods in the 1970s and 1980s. Applications
of control methodology have helped to make possible space travel and
communication satellites, safer and more efficient aircraft, cleaner automobile
engines, and cleaner and more-efficient chemical processes.
Before it emerged as a unique discipline, control
engineering was practiced as a part of mechanical engineering and control
theory was studied as a part of electrical engineering
since electrical circuits can often be easily described using control
theory techniques. In the very first control relationships, a current output
was represented with a voltage control input. However, not having adequate
technology to implement electrical control systems, designers were left with
the option of less efficient and slow responding mechanical systems. A very
effective mechanical controller that is still widely used in some hydro plants
is the governor. Later on, previous to modern power electronics,
process control systems for industrial applications were devised by mechanical
engineers using penumatic and hydraulic control devices,
many of which are still in use today.
Translate
Kontrol rekayasa atau
kontrol sistem rekayasa adalah disiplin teknik yang berlaku teori kontrol untuk
merancang sistem dengan perilaku yang diinginkan. Praktek ini menggunakan
sensor untuk mengukur kinerja output dari perangkat yang dikendalikan dan
mereka pengukuran dapat digunakan untuk memberikan umpan balik kepada aktuator
masukan yang dapat melakukan koreksi terhadap kinerja yang diinginkan. Ketika
perangkat dirancang untuk melakukan tanpa perlu input manusia untuk koreksi itu
disebut kontrol otomatis (seperti cruise control untuk mengatur kecepatan
mobil). Multi disiplin di alam, kegiatan sistem kontrol rekayasa fokus pada
pelaksanaan sistem kontrol terutama diperoleh pemodelan matematika sistem dari
beragam.
Modern rekayasa kontrol
hari adalah bidang yang relatif baru dari studi yang memperoleh perhatian yang
signifikan selama abad ke-20 dengan kemajuan teknologi. Hal ini dapat
didefinisikan secara luas atau diklasifikasikan sebagai aplikasi praktis dari
teori kontrol. teknik kontrol memiliki peran penting dalam berbagai sistem
kontrol, dari mesin cuci rumah tangga sederhana untuk kinerja tinggi F-16
pesawat tempur. Ini berusaha untuk memahami sistem fisik, menggunakan pemodelan
matematika, dalam hal input, output dan berbagai komponen dengan perilaku yang
berbeda, menggunakan sistem kontrol alat desain untuk mengembangkan pengendali
untuk sistem-sistem dan menerapkan pengendali dalam sistem fisik menggunakan
teknologi yang tersedia. Sebuah sistem dapat mekanik, listrik, cairan, bahan
kimia, keuangan dan bahkan biologi, dan pemodelan matematika, analisis dan
desain controller menggunakan kontrol teory dalam satu atau banyak domain
waktu, frekuensi dan compex-s, tergantung pada sifat masalah desain.
sistem kontrol otomatis
pertama kali dikembangkan lebih dari dua ribu tahun yang lalu. Perangkat
kontrol umpan balik pertama pada catatan dianggap jam air ktesibios kuno di
Alexandria, Mesir sekitar SM abad ketiga Itu terus waktu dengan mengatur
tingkat air di kapal dan, oleh karena itu, aliran air dari kapal itu. Hal ini
tentu merupakan perangkat yang sukses sebagai jam air desain serupa masih
dibuat di Baghdad ketika Mongol merebut kota pada tahun 1258 Masehi Berbagai
perangkat otomatis telah digunakan selama berabad-abad untuk menyelesaikan
tugas-tugas yang berguna atau hanya untuk sekedar menghibur. Yang terakhir
termasuk automata, populer di Eropa pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18, menampilkan
tokoh menari yang akan mengulangi tugas yang sama berulang-ulang; automata ini
adalah contoh dari kontrol loop terbuka. Milestones antara umpan balik, atau
"loop tertutup" perangkat kontrol otomatis, termasuk regulator suhu
tungku dikaitkan dengan Drebbel, sekitar tahun 1620, dan gubernur flyball
sentrifugal yang digunakan untuk mengatur kecepatan mesin uap oleh James Watt
pada tahun 1788.Pada tahun 1868 makalahnya "On Gubernur", James Clerk
Maxwell mampu menjelaskan ketidakstabilan dipamerkan oleh gubernur flyball
menggunakan persamaan diferensial untuk menggambarkan sistem kontrol. Ini
menunjukkan pentingnya dan kegunaan model matematika dan metode dalam memahami
fenomena yang kompleks, dan menandai awal dari kontrol matematika dan teori
sistem. Elemen teori kontrol telah muncul sebelumnya tapi tidak dramatis dan
meyakinkan seperti dalam analisis Maxwell.
teori kontrol membuat
langkah signifikan selama abad berikutnya. teknik matematika baru serta
kemajuan dalam teknologi elektronik dan komputer memungkinkan untuk mengontrol
sistem dinamis secara signifikan lebih kompleks daripada gubernur flyball asli
bisa menstabilkan. teknik matematika baru termasuk perkembangan di kontrol
optimal pada 1950-an dan 1960-an diikuti oleh kemajuan dalam stokastik, kuat,
adaptif, nonlinear, dan metode kontrol berbasis azid pada 1970-an dan 1980-an.
Aplikasi metodologi kontrol telah membantu untuk membuat kemungkinan perjalanan
ruang angkasa dan satelit komunikasi, pesawat lebih aman dan lebih efisien,
mesin mobil bersih, dan proses kimia lebih bersih dan lebih efisien.Sebelum itu
muncul sebagai suatu disiplin unik, teknik kontrol dipraktekkan sebagai bagian
dari teknik mesin dan kontrol teori dipelajari sebagai bagian dari teknik
listrik sejak sirkuit listrik sering bisa dengan mudah dijelaskan dengan
menggunakan teknik teori kontrol. Dalam hubungan kontrol pertama, arus keluaran
diwakili dengan masukan kontrol tegangan. Namun, tidak memiliki teknologi yang
memadai untuk menerapkan sistem kontrol listrik, desainer yang tersisa dengan
pilihan sistem mekanik menanggapi kurang efisien dan lambat. Sebuah controller
mekanik yang sangat efektif yang masih banyak digunakan di beberapa tanaman
hidro adalah gubernur. Kemudian, sebelumnya untuk elektronika daya modern,
sistem kontrol proses untuk aplikasi industri yang dirancang oleh insinyur
mekanik menggunakan perangkat kontrol penumatic dan hidrolik, banyak yang masih
digunakan sampai sekarang.
5w + 1h
Ø What
is Control Engineering ?
Control
engineering or control systems engineering is
the engineering discipline that applies control theory to
design systems with desired behaviors
Ø When
did automatic control first develope ?
Automatic control systems were first developed over
two thousand years ago
Ø Where
is ancient Ktesibios's water clock ?
In Alexandria, Egypt
Ø Who
writes paper “On Governors” in 1868 ?
James Clerk Maxwell
Ø Why
is control engineering has a relatively new field of study that gained
significant attention ?
Because it can be broadly defined or classified as
practical application of control theory. Control engineering has an
essential role in a wide range of control systems, from simple household
washing machines to high-performance F-16 fighter aircraft
Ø How
did control engineering work without human input as corection ?
When a device is designed to perform without the
need of human inputs for correction it is called automatic
control (such as cruise control for regulating the speed of a
car
VERBAL SENTENCES
•
The practice uses sensors to
measure the output performance of the device being controlled and those
measurements can be used to give feed back to the input actuators that
can make corrections toward desired performance
•
When a device is designed to perform
without the need of human inputs for correction it is called automatic
control (such as cruise control for regulating the speed of a
car)
•
It seeks to understand physical systems,
using mathematical modeling, in terms of inputs, outputs and various components
with different behaviors, use control systems design tools to
develop controllers for those systems and implement controllers in
physical systems employing available technology
•
It kept time by regulating the water
level in a vessel and, therefore, the water flow from that vesse
•
A variety of automatic devices have been
used over the centuries to accomplish useful tasks or simply to just entertain
•
Elements of control theory had appeared
earlier but not as dramatically and convincingly as in Maxwell's analysis.
NOMINAL SENTENCES
•
Modern day control engineering is a
relatively new field of study that gained significant attention during the 20th
century with the advancement of technology
•
It can be broadly defined or classified
as practical application of control tehory
•
A system can
be mechanical, electrical, fluid, chemical, financial and
even biological, and the mathematical modeling, analysis and controller
design uses control theory in one or many of
the time, frequency and complex-s domains, depending
on the nature of the design problem.
•
This certainly was a successful device
as water clocks of similar design were still being made in Baghdad when the
Mongols captured the city in 1258 A.D.
TENSES
•
The practice uses sensors to
measure the output performance of the device being controlled
Simple Present Tense (S + V1s/es)
(To show that the action is fact or general truth )
•
It kept time by regulating the water
level in a vessel and, therefore, the water flow from that vesse
Simple Past Tense (S+V2)
(To show that something happened in specific time in the past)
•
A variety of automatic devices have been
used over the centuries to accomplish useful tasks or simply to just entertain
Present Perfect tense passive : (S + has/have + been
+ V3
(To show that the action began in the past and
continuing
in the future)
•
Elements of control theory had appeared
earlier but not as dramatically and convincingly as in Maxwell's analysis.
(to show that
one action happened earlier than another action in the past.)
Past Perfect Tense (S + had +V3
•
Applications of control methodology have
helped to make possible space travel and communication satellites, safer and
more efficient aircraft, cleaner automobile engines, and cleaner and
more-efficient chemical processes.
Present Perfect tense : (S + has/have + V3
(To show that the action began in the past and
continuing
in the future)
Active
•
The practice uses sensors to
measure the output performance of the device being controlled
Passive : Sensors are used to measure the output
perfomance of the device being controlled
•
It seeks to understand physical systems,
using mathematical modeling, in terms of inputs, outputs and various components
with different behaviors, use control systems design tools to
develop controllers for those systems and implement controllers in
physical systems employing available technology
Passive : To understand is sought using mathematical
modeling, in terms of inputs, outputs and various components with different
behaviors, use control systems design tools to
develop controllers for those systems and implement controllers in
physical systems employing available technology
•
Control theory made significant strides
over the next century
Passive : Significant strides over the next century
were
made by control theory
•
Applications of control methodology have
helped to make possible space travel and communication satellites, safer and
more efficient aircraft, cleaner automobile engines, and cleaner and
more-efficient chemical processes.
Passive : To make possible space travel and
communication satellites, safer and more efficient aircraft, cleaner automobile
engines, and cleaner and more-efficient chemical processes have been helped by
application of control methodology
Passive
•
A variety of automatic devices have been
used over the centuries to accomplish useful tasks or simply to just entertain
Active : To
accomplish useful task or simply to just entertain has used a variety of automatic
devices over the
centuries.
•
James Clerk Maxwell was
able to explain instabilities exhibited by the flyball governor
Active : the flyball governor is exhibite Clerk Maxwell able to explain
instabilities
•
Automatic control systems were first
developed over two thousand years ago
Active : Someone first developed automatic control systems over two thousand
years ago.
•
control engineering was practiced as a part
of mechanical engineering
Active : mechanical engineering is a part practice control engineering.
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