Types of letter in business

1. Memo
   
2. Inquiry
   
3. Facture
   
4. Business letter
   
5. Vuriculum vitae
   
6. Job aplication
   
7.  Proposal
   

tenses

16 Tenses with Active n Passive Pattern

A.    Present

1.     Simple Present Tense

Active         :  S + V1 + O

-          Agus creates a robot

Passive      : O + tobe + V3

-          A robot is created by  Agus

2.     Present Perfect Tense

Active         : S + Have/Has + V3 + O

-          Sigit has repaired a fan

Passive      : O + Have/Has + been + V3

-          A fan has been repaired by Sigit

3.     Present Continous Tense

Active         : S + tobe + V-ing + O

-          Mustofa is connecting wires

Passive      : O + tobe + being + V3

-          Wires are being connected by Mustofa

4.     Present Perfect Continous Tense

Active         : S + Have/Has + been + V-ing + O

-          Agung has been designing a circuit

Passive      : O + Have/Has + been + being + V3

-          A circuit has been being desingned by Agung

B.    Past

1.     Simple Past Tense

Active         : S + V2 + O

-          Yoga controlled the machine

Passive      : O + tobe + V3

-          The machine was controlled by Yoga

2.     Past Perfect Tense

Active         : S + Had + V3 + O

-          Haikal had cut a wire

Passive      : O + Had + been + V3

-          A wire had been cut by Haikal

3.     Past Continuous Tense

Active         : S + tobe (was/were) + V-ing + O

-          Roni was drawing a PCB

Passive      : O + tobe (was/were) + being + V3

-          A PCB was being drawn by Roni

4.     Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Active         : S + Had + been + V-ing + O

-          Rizky had been assembling a computer

Passive      : O + Had + been + being + V3

-          A computer had been being assembled by Rizky

C.    Future

1.     Present Future Tense

Active         : S + will + V1 + O

-          Ridwan will make a robot

Passive      : O + Will + be + V3

-          A robot will be made by Ridwan

2.     Present Future Perfect Tense

Active         : S + Will + Have + V3 + O

-          Japan Will Have made humanoid

Passive      : O + Will + Have + been + V3

-          Humanoid will have been made by Japan

3.     Present Future Continous Tense

Active         : S + Will + Have + been + V-ing

-          Andre will have been changing the lamp

Passive      : O + Will + Have + been + being + V3

-          The Lamp will have been being changed by Andre

4.     Present Future Perfect Continous Tense

Active         : S + Will + Have + been + V-ing + O

-          Arya will have been programed Mikrocontroller

Passive      : O + Will + Have + been + being + V3

-          Mikrocontroller will have been programed by Arya

D.    Past Future

1.     Past Future Perfect Tense

Active         : S + Would + Have + V3 + O

-          Aji would have serviced a monitor

Passive      : O + Would + Have + been + V3

-          A monitor have been serviced by Aji

2.     Past Future Continuous Tense

Active         : S + Would + be + V-ing

-          Jono would be programing notebook

Passive      : O + Would + be + being + V3

-          Notebook would be being programed by Jono

3.     Past Future Tense

Active         : S + Would + V1 + O

-          Joko would maintain the panel

Passive      : O + Would + be + V3

-          The panel would be maintaned by Joko

4.     Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Active         : S + Would + Have + been + V-ing + O

-          Soni would have been assembling PLC

Passive      : O + Would + Have + been + being + V3

-         PLC would have been being assembled by Soni

CONTROL ENGINEERING

CONTROL ENGINEERING

Control engineering or control systems engineering is the engineering discipline that applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors. The practice uses sensors to measure the output performance of the device being controlled and those measurements can be used to give feedback to the input actuators that can make corrections toward desired performance. When a device is designed to perform without the need of human inputs for correction it is called automatic control (such as cruise control for regulating the speed of a car). Multi disciplinary in nature, control systems engineering activities focus on implementation of control systems mainly derived by mathematical modeling of systems of a diverse range.

Modern day control engineering is a relatively new field of study that gained significant attention during the 20th century with the advancement of technology. It can be broadly defined or classified as practical application of control theory. Control engineering has an essential role in a wide range of control systems, from simple household washing machines to high-performance F-16 fighter aircraft. It seeks to understand physical systems, using mathematical modeling, in terms of inputs, outputs and various components with different behaviors, use control systems design tools to develop controllers for those systems and implement controllers in physical systems employing available technology. A system can be mechanical, electrical, fluid, chemical, financial and even biological, and the mathematical modeling, analysis and controller design uses control teory in one or many of the time, frequency and compex-s domains, depending on the nature of the design problem.

History

Automatic control systems were first developed over two thousand years ago. The first feedback control device on record is thought to be the ancient ktesibios's water clock in Alexandria, Egypt around the third century B.C. It kept time by regulating the water level in a vessel and, therefore, the water flow from that vessel. This certainly was a successful device as water clocks of similar design were still being made in Baghdad when the Mongols captured the city in 1258 A.D. A variety of automatic devices have been used over the centuries to accomplish useful tasks or simply to just entertain. The latter includes the automata, popular in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, featuring dancing figures that would repeat the same task over and over again; these automata are examples of open-loop control. Milestones among feedback, or "closed-loop" automatic control devices, include the temperature regulator of a furnace attributed to Drebbel, circa 1620, and the centrifugal flyball governor used for regulating the speed of steam engines by James Watt in 1788.

In his 1868 paper "On Governors", James Clerk Maxwell was able to explain instabilities exhibited by the flyball governor using differential equations to describe the control system. This demonstrated the importance and usefulness of mathematical models and methods in understanding complex phenomena, and signaled the beginning of mathematical control and systems theory. Elements of control theory had appeared earlier but not as dramatically and convincingly as in Maxwell's analysis.

Control theory made significant strides over the next century. New mathematical techniques as well as advancements in electronic and computer technologies made it possible to control significantly more complex dynamical systems than the original flyball governor could stabilize. New mathematical techniques included developments in optimal control in the 1950s and 1960s followed by progress in stochastic, robust, adaptive, nonlinear, and azid-based control methods in the 1970s and 1980s. Applications of control methodology have helped to make possible space travel and communication satellites, safer and more efficient aircraft, cleaner automobile engines, and cleaner and more-efficient chemical processes.

Before it emerged as a unique discipline, control engineering was practiced as a part of mechanical engineering and control theory was studied as a part of electrical engineering since electrical circuits can often be easily described using control theory techniques. In the very first control relationships, a current output was represented with a voltage control input. However, not having adequate technology to implement electrical control systems, designers were left with the option of less efficient and slow responding mechanical systems. A very effective mechanical controller that is still widely used in some hydro plants is the governor. Later on, previous to modern power electronics, process control systems for industrial applications were devised by mechanical engineers using penumatic and hydraulic control devices, many of which are still in use today.

Translate

Kontrol rekayasa atau kontrol sistem rekayasa adalah disiplin teknik yang berlaku teori kontrol untuk merancang sistem dengan perilaku yang diinginkan. Praktek ini menggunakan sensor untuk mengukur kinerja output dari perangkat yang dikendalikan dan mereka pengukuran dapat digunakan untuk memberikan umpan balik kepada aktuator masukan yang dapat melakukan koreksi terhadap kinerja yang diinginkan. Ketika perangkat dirancang untuk melakukan tanpa perlu input manusia untuk koreksi itu disebut kontrol otomatis (seperti cruise control untuk mengatur kecepatan mobil). Multi disiplin di alam, kegiatan sistem kontrol rekayasa fokus pada pelaksanaan sistem kontrol terutama diperoleh pemodelan matematika sistem dari beragam.

            Modern rekayasa kontrol hari adalah bidang yang relatif baru dari studi yang memperoleh perhatian yang signifikan selama abad ke-20 dengan kemajuan teknologi. Hal ini dapat didefinisikan secara luas atau diklasifikasikan sebagai aplikasi praktis dari teori kontrol. teknik kontrol memiliki peran penting dalam berbagai sistem kontrol, dari mesin cuci rumah tangga sederhana untuk kinerja tinggi F-16 pesawat tempur. Ini berusaha untuk memahami sistem fisik, menggunakan pemodelan matematika, dalam hal input, output dan berbagai komponen dengan perilaku yang berbeda, menggunakan sistem kontrol alat desain untuk mengembangkan pengendali untuk sistem-sistem dan menerapkan pengendali dalam sistem fisik menggunakan teknologi yang tersedia. Sebuah sistem dapat mekanik, listrik, cairan, bahan kimia, keuangan dan bahkan biologi, dan pemodelan matematika, analisis dan desain controller menggunakan kontrol teory dalam satu atau banyak domain waktu, frekuensi dan compex-s, tergantung pada sifat masalah desain.

sistem kontrol otomatis pertama kali dikembangkan lebih dari dua ribu tahun yang lalu. Perangkat kontrol umpan balik pertama pada catatan dianggap jam air ktesibios kuno di Alexandria, Mesir sekitar SM abad ketiga Itu terus waktu dengan mengatur tingkat air di kapal dan, oleh karena itu, aliran air dari kapal itu. Hal ini tentu merupakan perangkat yang sukses sebagai jam air desain serupa masih dibuat di Baghdad ketika Mongol merebut kota pada tahun 1258 Masehi Berbagai perangkat otomatis telah digunakan selama berabad-abad untuk menyelesaikan tugas-tugas yang berguna atau hanya untuk sekedar menghibur. Yang terakhir termasuk automata, populer di Eropa pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18, menampilkan tokoh menari yang akan mengulangi tugas yang sama berulang-ulang; automata ini adalah contoh dari kontrol loop terbuka. Milestones antara umpan balik, atau "loop tertutup" perangkat kontrol otomatis, termasuk regulator suhu tungku dikaitkan dengan Drebbel, sekitar tahun 1620, dan gubernur flyball sentrifugal yang digunakan untuk mengatur kecepatan mesin uap oleh James Watt pada tahun 1788.Pada tahun 1868 makalahnya "On Gubernur", James Clerk Maxwell mampu menjelaskan ketidakstabilan dipamerkan oleh gubernur flyball menggunakan persamaan diferensial untuk menggambarkan sistem kontrol. Ini menunjukkan pentingnya dan kegunaan model matematika dan metode dalam memahami fenomena yang kompleks, dan menandai awal dari kontrol matematika dan teori sistem. Elemen teori kontrol telah muncul sebelumnya tapi tidak dramatis dan meyakinkan seperti dalam analisis Maxwell.

teori kontrol membuat langkah signifikan selama abad berikutnya. teknik matematika baru serta kemajuan dalam teknologi elektronik dan komputer memungkinkan untuk mengontrol sistem dinamis secara signifikan lebih kompleks daripada gubernur flyball asli bisa menstabilkan. teknik matematika baru termasuk perkembangan di kontrol optimal pada 1950-an dan 1960-an diikuti oleh kemajuan dalam stokastik, kuat, adaptif, nonlinear, dan metode kontrol berbasis azid pada 1970-an dan 1980-an. Aplikasi metodologi kontrol telah membantu untuk membuat kemungkinan perjalanan ruang angkasa dan satelit komunikasi, pesawat lebih aman dan lebih efisien, mesin mobil bersih, dan proses kimia lebih bersih dan lebih efisien.Sebelum itu muncul sebagai suatu disiplin unik, teknik kontrol dipraktekkan sebagai bagian dari teknik mesin dan kontrol teori dipelajari sebagai bagian dari teknik listrik sejak sirkuit listrik sering bisa dengan mudah dijelaskan dengan menggunakan teknik teori kontrol. Dalam hubungan kontrol pertama, arus keluaran diwakili dengan masukan kontrol tegangan. Namun, tidak memiliki teknologi yang memadai untuk menerapkan sistem kontrol listrik, desainer yang tersisa dengan pilihan sistem mekanik menanggapi kurang efisien dan lambat. Sebuah controller mekanik yang sangat efektif yang masih banyak digunakan di beberapa tanaman hidro adalah gubernur. Kemudian, sebelumnya untuk elektronika daya modern, sistem kontrol proses untuk aplikasi industri yang dirancang oleh insinyur mekanik menggunakan perangkat kontrol penumatic dan hidrolik, banyak yang masih digunakan sampai sekarang.  

5w + 1h

Ø  What is Control Engineering ?

Control engineering or control systems engineering is the engineering discipline that applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors

Ø  When did automatic control first develope ?

Automatic control systems were first developed over two thousand years ago

Ø  Where is ancient Ktesibios's water clock ?

In Alexandria, Egypt

Ø  Who writes paper “On Governors” in 1868 ?

James Clerk Maxwell

Ø  Why is control engineering has a relatively new field of study that gained significant attention ?

Because it can be broadly defined or classified as practical application of control theory. Control engineering has an essential role in a wide range of control systems, from simple household washing machines to high-performance F-16 fighter aircraft

Ø  How did control engineering work without human input as corection ?

When a device is designed to perform without the need of human inputs for correction it is called automatic control (such as cruise control for regulating the speed of a car

VERBAL SENTENCES

•      The practice uses sensors to measure the output performance of the device being controlled and those measurements can be used to give feed back to the input actuators that can make corrections toward desired performance

•      When a device is designed to perform without the need of human inputs for correction it is called automatic control (such as cruise control for regulating the speed of a car)

•      It seeks to understand physical systems, using mathematical modeling, in terms of inputs, outputs and various components with different behaviors, use control systems design tools to develop controllers for those systems and implement controllers in physical systems employing available technology

•      It kept time by regulating the water level in a vessel and, therefore, the water flow from that vesse

•      A variety of automatic devices have been used over the centuries to accomplish useful tasks or simply to just entertain

•      Elements of control theory had appeared earlier but not as dramatically and convincingly as in Maxwell's analysis.

NOMINAL SENTENCES

•      Modern day control engineering is a relatively new field of study that gained significant attention during the 20th century with the advancement of technology

•      It can be broadly defined or classified as practical application of control tehory

•      A system can be mechanical, electrical, fluid, chemical, financial and even biological, and the mathematical modeling, analysis and controller design uses control theory in one or many of the time, frequency and complex-s domains, depending on the nature of the design problem.

•      This certainly was a successful device as water clocks of similar design were still being made in Baghdad when the Mongols captured the city in 1258 A.D.

TENSES

•      The practice uses sensors to measure the output performance of the device being controlled

Simple Present Tense (S + V1s/es)

(To show that the action is fact or general truth )

•      It kept time by regulating the water level in a vessel and, therefore, the water flow from that vesse

Simple Past Tense (S+V2)

(To show that something happened in specific time in the past)

•      A variety of automatic devices have been used over the centuries to accomplish useful tasks or simply to just entertain

Present Perfect tense passive : (S + has/have + been + V3

(To show that the action began in the past and continuing in the future)

•      Elements of control theory had appeared earlier but not as dramatically and convincingly as in Maxwell's analysis.

(to show that one action happened earlier than another action in the past.)

Past Perfect Tense (S + had +V3

•      Applications of control methodology have helped to make possible space travel and communication satellites, safer and more efficient aircraft, cleaner automobile engines, and cleaner and more-efficient chemical processes.

Present Perfect tense : (S + has/have + V3

(To show that the action began in the past and continuing in the future)

Active

•      The practice uses sensors to measure the output performance of the device being controlled

Passive : Sensors are used to measure the output perfomance of the device being controlled

•      It seeks to understand physical systems, using mathematical modeling, in terms of inputs, outputs and various components with different behaviors, use control systems design tools to develop controllers for those systems and implement controllers in physical systems employing available technology

Passive : To understand is sought using mathematical modeling, in terms of inputs, outputs and various components with different behaviors, use control systems design tools to develop controllers for those systems and implement controllers in physical systems employing available technology

•      Control theory made significant strides over the next century

Passive : Significant strides over the next century were made by control theory

•      Applications of control methodology have helped to make possible space travel and communication satellites, safer and more efficient aircraft, cleaner automobile engines, and cleaner and more-efficient chemical processes.

Passive : To make possible space travel and communication satellites, safer and more efficient aircraft, cleaner automobile engines, and cleaner and more-efficient chemical processes have been helped by application of control methodology

Passive

•      A variety of automatic devices have been used over the centuries to accomplish useful tasks or simply to just entertain

Active : To accomplish useful task or simply to just entertain has used a variety of automatic devices over the centuries.

•       James Clerk Maxwell was able to explain instabilities exhibited by the flyball governor

Active : the flyball governor is exhibite Clerk Maxwell able to explain instabilities

•      Automatic control systems were first developed over two thousand years ago

Active : Someone first developed automatic control systems over two thousand years ago.

•        control engineering was practiced as a part of mechanical engineering 

Active : mechanical engineering is a part practice control engineering.